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SIYG.TXT Glossary of Surveying Words 72
Chapter G
Glossary of Surveying Words
Abney level: A hand held instrument for measuring inclination
precise to about 0.2 degrees. There are several manufacturers.
Cost about $75 to $150.
Acre: 10 square chains. 43560 square feet.
Aerial photo: A photograph taken straight down from a high
altitude airplane so that the photo looks like a map.
Are: Pronounced "air". 100 square meters.
Azimuth: The common method of giving compass directions, whereby
a full circle is divided into 360 degrees, starting at North and
turning clockwise. I'm told that this doesn't apply in the
Southern Hemisphere.
Backsight: Instrument readings taken to the FROM station, from
the TO station, but recorded as if the sight were taken normally.
Blunder: A BIG mistake, obvious and correctable.
Brunton pocket transit: A sighting compass precise to about 0.5
degree. Brunton makes the original; there are several
imitators. Also known as Army Artillery Compass when graduated
in gradians to confound The Enemy. Cost: about $200.
Cardinal direction: Any one of the four directions; North, East,
South, or West.
Chain: 66 feet. 4 rods.
Clinometer: Inclinometer. A device to measure inclination.
Closure Error: When surveying in a loop and making the ending
station the same as the beginning station, the calculated
distance between these two stations.
Compass direction: A direction from one station to another
station, measured as azimuth.
SIYG.TXT Glossary of Surveying Words 73
Corner: A point on a property boundary, established to define
that boundary.
Cosine: Abbr. COS. Pronounced "cosign". A mathematical
function of an angle, equal to the adjacent side divided by the
hypotenuse (longest side) of a right triangle containing that
angle.
Declination: The angle difference between the compass direction
towards Magnetic North and that towards True North.
Degree: The three hundred sixtieth part of a full circle.
1° = 1/360 of a turnaround.
Departure: What professional surveyors call the east distance.
Elevation: The distance above (or below) an arbitrary zero level.
Error: The difference between a measured value and reality.
Forester's Compass: Staff Compass. A surveying compass precise
to about 0.2 degrees. Cost: $400.
Furlong: 10 chains. 660 feet. As fur along the furrow as you
should plough before resting your horses.
Gradians: A method of giving compass directions, whereby a full
circle is divided into 400 gradians, starting at North and
turning clockwise.
Hectare: 100 ares. 10000 square meters. 2.47 acres.
Inclination: The angle in degrees between a line of sight and
horizontal. Up is +, down is -.
Inclinometer: Clinometer. An instrument to measure inclination.
Land description: The written definition of a piece of property.
Latitude: What professional surveyors call the north distance.
Legal description: A land description typed by an attorney's
secretary.
SIYG.TXT Glossary of Surveying Words 74
Lensatic compass: Also known as the Army Marching Compass. A
diabolically engineered compass graduated in bassackwards
whatchamacallits in order to totally confuse The Enemy. Precise
to about 10 degrees. Cost: about $100. Value: about $5.
Line: A part of a property boundary between two corners.
Link: A hundredth part of a chain, 0.66 feet.
Magnetic North: The direction towards the Magnetic North Pole.
This is where the compass needle points.
Minute: The sixtieth part of a degree. 1' = 1/60° 60' = 1°
Pace: The distance covered in one step. Usually between 2.5 and
3.0 feet. 1000 double paces of 2.64 feet define the mile as 5280
feet.
Perch: A rod, a pole, 16.5 feet.
Percent closure error: The closure error divided by the run
times 100%.
Plat: What professional surveyors call a map.
Pole: A rod, a perch, 16.5 feet.
Quadrants: An archaeic method of giving compass directions,
utilized to simplify the arithmetic B.C. [Before Calculator]
Presently used to keep landowners stupid.
Radians: A mathematical method of measuring angles, used by some
calculators, computers, and pure mathematicians. A Radian =
57.2957795131 degrees.
Ranger: A sighting compass imported from Sweden by Silva Compass,
precise to about 1 degree. Cost: about $41.
Rod: A perch, a pole, 16.5 feet.
Rood: 40 square rods, perches or poles. 10890 square feet,
one quarter acre.
Rope: 20 feet.
Run: The distance surveyed since an arbitrary starting station.
SIYG.TXT Glossary of Surveying Words 75
Second: The sixtieth part of a minute. 1" = 1/60' 60" = 1'
Sine: Abbr. SIN. Pronounced "sign". A mathematical function of
an angle, equal to the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse
(longest side) in a right triangle containing that angle.
Square perch: A square rod, 16.5 * 16.5 = 272.25 square feet.
Staff Compass: Forester's Compass. A surveying compass precise
to about 0.2 degrees. Cost: $400.
Station: A place where surveyor's measurements are taken.
Stringbox: A distance measuring instrument which operates by
measuring a thread pulled from it.
Tape distance: A distance from one station to another, usually
measured in feet.
Theodolite: A surveying instrument which can measure the angle
between two directions, as well as the angle between a direction
and Magnetic North. Precision: about 0.01 degree. Cost:
$thousands.
Topo map, topographic map: A map showing the shape of the surface
of the land. In the United States, usually a 7.5 minute map at
2000 feet per inch showing all surface features. Cost: about $3.
Transit: A surveying instrument, similar to a theodolite, which
can measure the angle between two directions, as well as the
angle between a direction and Magnetic North. Additionally, the
sights can be easily turned around (transited) to obtain a
backsight. Precision: about 0.01 degree. Cost: $thousands.
True North: The direction towards the North Pole.
°: Degree symbol if you can read full ASCII.
': Minute symbol. Also foot symbol.
": Second symbol. Also inch symbol.
SIYG.TXT Glossary of Surveying Words 76
Another last chance to tell you to take precise compass readings,
with a double check and a backsight. Nearly all your error is in
the compass with the poor man's method of land surveying.
If there are any other surveying words which you think that I
should define here, then tell me them.
Copyright (c)1994 by David Perry Beiter
If you have any questions, problems, or comments, write or call
me. Dave Beiter, CAVE Inc, 1/2 Fast Road, Ritner KY 42639.
606/376-3137. MCI Mail: 635-1762 byter@mcimail.com
This page reserved for expansion of the glossary